Vinogradarstvo u srednjovekovnoj Srbiji

Abstract

Predmet disertacije je vinogradarstvo u srednjovekovnoj Srbiji koje je sagledano na nivou nekoliko privredno-društvenih pojava, počev od kraja XII veka. Rad je nastao na osnovu srednjovekovnih pisanih izvora, ćirilskog i latinskog porekla, kao i na osnovu prvih sačuvanih osmanskih popisa srpskih krajeva. Vinogradarstvo se ranije razvilo u srpskim zemljama duž jadranskog primorja i na prostoru Makedonije, dok je u ostalim kontinentalnim krajevima dobijalo veći zamah tek od XIV stoleća. Prvi sačuvani osmanski popisi osvojenih krajeva Srbije pokazuju da se najkasnije do polovine XV veka vinogradarstvo razvilo u skoro svim plodnim i dobro naseljenim krajevima srednjovekovne Srbije. U srpskim zemljama srednjeg veka postojala su dva osnovna načina podizanja vinove loze, zavisno od vrste rezidbe, dok je u vinogradima obavljan niz agrarno-tehničkih radova, pri čemu se insistiralo i na čuvanju i zaštiti vinogradarskog poseda. U pogledu zemljišne svojine i obaveza zavisnog stanovništva prema feudalnom gospodaru, postojale su dve vrste renti. U matičnim srpskim zemljama vinogradi na zemljištu feudalca obrađivani su besplatnom radnom snagom zavisnih zemljoradnika, dok je u krajevima koji su u prošlosti bili izloženi jačem vizantijskom uticaju preovladavala naturalna dažbina u vidu desetine ukupno proizvedenog vina na zemljoradničkom posedu. Poznata je i pojava uzimanja vinograda u zakup, dok se zakupina kretala od jedne desetine do polovine plodova. Dubrovčani i Kotorani izvozili su velike količine domaćeg i italijanskog vina u unutrašnje srpske krajeve. Trgovina vinom odvijala se i u unutrašnjosti srednjovekovne Srbije, u trgovačkim i gradskim naseljima u čijoj je okolini vinogradarstvo dostiglo viši stepen razvoja, dok se vino prodavalo i u krčmama. Vino je imalo značajnu ulogu u crkvenim obredima i ishrani monaha, kao i u svakodnevnom svetovnom životu, dok je vinova loza predstavljala glavni simbol dinastije Nemanjića i njene svetorodnosti.

The subject of thе doctoral dissertation is viticulture in medieval Serbia, which is presented at the level of several economic and social phenomena, beginning at the end of the XII century. The paper is based on medieval written sources, of Cyrillic and Latin origin, as well as on the first preserved Ottoman censuses of Serbian lands. Viticulture had been previously developed in Serbian countries along the Adriatic coast and in the territory of Macedonia, while in other continental regions it has gained more momentum since the fourteenth century. The first preserved Ottoman census of the conquered parts of Serbia from the 15th century shows that wine growing developed in almost all the fertile and well-populated parts of medieval Serbia. In the medieval Serbian countries one could find the rewere two basic ways of raising vines, depending on the type of pruning, while several agrarian-technical works were carried out in the vineyards, with the insistence on the preservation and protection of the vineyards. In terms of land ownership and liabilities of the dependent population to the feudal lord, there were two types of rents. In the native Serbian countries, there was an obligation to cultivate the vineyards on the land of the feudal lord, while in areas previously exposed to greater Byzantine influence, there was a natural levy, in the form of one-tenth of the total wine production on the farmer's estate. The occurrence of leasing vineyards was also known, with the rent varying from one-tenth to one-half of the fruit or wine. The Dubrovnik and Kotorans exported large quantities of domestic and Italian wine to the inland Serbian regions. Wine trade also took place in the interior of medieval Serbia, in commercial and urban settlements, in whose surroundings wine-growing was well developed, while wine was also sold in pubs. Wine played a significant role in church rituals and the nourishment of monks, as well as in daily life, while the vine was a major symbol of the Nemanjić dynasty and its sacrilege