Regrutacija podunavskih legija - "II Adiutrix"

Abstract

Ovaj rad je zamišljen kao šesti u nizu članaka posvećenih regrutaciji podunavskih legija u doba principata. Legija II Adiutrix je od vremena Domicijanovih ratova protiv Dačana bila stacionirana u Panoniji. Epigrafski izvori ukazuju na razliku u njenom sastavu između prvih decenija boravka na srednjedunavskom limesu i kasnijeg perioda. U legiji II Adiutrix su pre Trajanovih ratova protiv Dačana i Parćana najbrojniji regruti iz severnih regiona Italije, a posvedočeni su i vojnici iz provincija, kako onih u susedstvu Panonije, tako i drugih. Kada je reč o II i III veku, epigrafski spomenici ukazuju da su glavni izvor regruta bile Gornja i Donja Panonija. Legija II Adiutrix je popunjavana u naseljima kraj legijskih logora i auksilijarnihutvrđenja na limesu, ali i u gradovima i oblastima u unutrašnjosti panonskih provincija. Sudeći prema onomastičkom materijalu, u II i III veku relativno su brojni bili i vojnici tračkog porekla.

Military garrisons of the Roman provinces on the middle and lower Danube consisted of legions and numerous auxiliary regiments. The continuous presence of soldiers originating from various parts of the empire on the border and in the interior accelerated considerably the acculturation and romanisation of the indigenous population. The legion II Adiutrix was established in 69 AD. In 86 AD it was transferred from Britannia to Pannonia, during Domitian's preparations for the Dacian campaign. Its sojourn in Aquincum lasted until late antiquity and it was briefly interruped after Trajan's Dacian wars. Upon participating in the second campaign, II Adiutrix garrisoned Dacia. In 113 AD it was sent to the east as part of the forces which waged war on the Parthians. Its return to Aquincum is dated to 118 AD. Epigraphic evidence from Italy, Panonnia and other provinces and regions of the Roman Empire provides basic data concerning the recruitment of the legion II Adiutrix. It reveals significant differences between the first decades of the unit's sojourn in Pannonia and the subsequent period. Recruits from the northern regions of Italy (Transpadana, Venetia et Histria, Liguria) predominate prior to Trajan's Parthian campaign (113-115 AD). Soldiers from the neighbouring provinces of Noricum and Dalmatia are also attested. The epitaph of one Norican legionary suggests the presence of indigenous recruits in the levies for II Adiutrix. Kalendinus, son of Celatus, bore a Norican name and belonged to the native population.Two soldiers from the provinces in northern Africa (Africa Proconsularis and Mauretania Caesariensis) probably came to Aquincum under extraordinary circumstances. The legion participated in Trajan's second campaign against Decebalus. The losses it suffered might have been compensated by an extraordinary levy which encompassed recruits from various provinces of the Roman empire. It appears that Pannonian recruits in II Adiutrix were few in number during the first decades of its sojourn in Aquincum. Epigraphic evidence records only one man, drafted in the Flavian colony of Sirmium. The number of Pannonian recruits for II Adiutrix increased considerably during the second and third century AD. Epigraphic evidence suggests that the Pannonian provinces were the main areas of enlistment during that period. Men from other provinces are few in number and some of them were probably enlisted in extraordinary circumstances.The settlements near the legion's fortress of Aquincum (canabae and municipium since Hadrian, colony since Septimius Severus) were among the principal sources of fresh recruits. Legionaries were also conscripted in the territory of Aquincum. Two inscriptions from Pilisszanto in the northern part of the camp's ager suggest the enlistment of native population, namely the Eravisci. A considerable number of soldiers of II Adiutrix originated from settlements near the auxiliary castella on the Pannonian limes (Ulcisia Castra, Campona and Intercisa). One should note that some of the conscripts from Intercisa actually belonged to the Syrian community which flourished there. Towns in the interior of the two Pannonian provinces, such as the Claudian colony of Savaria, the Flavian colony of Sirmium, or the Hadrianic colony of Mursa, also provided recruits for the legion II Adiutrix. Epigraphic evidence from the second and third century AD pertaining to the legion II Adiutrix records men drafted in variousparts of the Roman Empire.Among them we find soldiers from the western (Gallia Narbonensis), Balkan and Danubian provinces (Dalmatia, Moesia Superior, Dacia), and even Italy. One of the Dalmatian recruits belonged to the native population. He was conscripted on the territory of the civitas Narensiorum in the conventus of Narona. Epigraphic evidence from the second and third century AD records a number of legionaries drafted in extraordinary circumstances. Two men from Africa Proconsularis might have been transferred to II Adiutrix from III Augusta. Detachments of the latter legion participated in the Marcomannic wars of Marcus Aurelius. They were transferred to II Adiutrix to compensate the losses inflicted by the barbarians in those campaigns. The same is presumed in the case of soldiers from Macedonia, Syria and the provinces of Asia Minor (Galatia, Bithynia et Pontus). The legion II Adiutrix participated in various campaigns against the Parthians and internal struggles in the eastern provinces. The losses it suffered might have been compensated by local recruitment in the regions close to the battlefields.