Водоснабдевање Античког Наисуса
Water supply of Naissus in Antiquity
Апстракт
: Крајем 2020. године обављена су заштитна истраживања на две локације на локалитету Подвиник у Нишу. Том приликом су откривени остаци два римска водовода – старијег и млађег, па резултати ових истраживања представљају
важан сегмент у осветљавању проблема водоснабдевања римског и касноантичког Наисуса. За потребе овог текста искоришћена је и до сада или тек делимично
публикована или потпуно непубликована документација са локалитета који се могу
везати за водоводну мрежу античког града. Резултати археолошких истраживања на већем броју локалитета у другој половини 20. и са почетка 21. века умногоме су послужила за реконструкцију траса којима су водоводи спроводили воду до
Наисуса, али и за могуће решавање проблема снабдевања вила у околини града.
Основни циљ овог рада је да систематизује досадашње податке и на основу тога
реконструише пут којим је вода допремана у град, као и да опише и објасни начине
којима су становници града успевали да реше задатак водоснабдевања града и
окол...них вила. Радна хипотеза, која је у највећој мери потврђена, у тексту се ослањала на раније претпоставке да је град величине Наисуса свакако морао имати
више од једног водовода како би задовољио своје потребе за водом.
The city of Naissus has been excavated and documented during the last
century and a half. Despite the circumstance that the previous settlements lay beneath the contemporary one, archaeologists have been able to reveal numerous objects from the Roman and Late Antiquity period Naissus, which helped in reconstructing the everyday life of its citizens.
Among other artefacts, those related to the ancient water supply system
have also been registered, although not always adequately published. The last excavations of the Roman aqueduct of Naissus in 2020 were the reason for a broader
approach to the issue of water supply systems in the Early and Late Antiquity periods. The first mention of a Roman spring in the vicinity of Naissus was documented
in the end of the 19th century and, since then, more than a few locations related to
water supply lines have been investigated in modern-day Niš and its surrounding.
The routes of at least three separate aqueducts could be partially reconstru...cted from their water catchment area from two springs to the north-east and one
to the north-west of the town. There are indications that one more water (local) line
was in use for supplying the Late Antique villa near Vinik.
The situation with north-eastern aqueducts is much simpler and much better
documented than that in the north-western area. There, we have two chronological
phases of the aqueduct, whose routes partially (or maybe mostly) overlapped. The
older phase is dated into the 2nd‒3rd century, consisting of an underground ceramic
pipeline, while the more recent phase of the conduit was built of bricks and stones
probably in the late 3rd or early 4th century. The spring at the site of Devojačko
Ždrelo (renamed “Srećkovo Vrelo” after the Second World War) was described as a
brick-and-stone-made reservoir from which the water was conducted via a ceramic
pipeline, leading south through the villages of Donji and Gornji Matejevac. Since
there is no mention of a later phase (only the ceramic pipeline is described), we can
only assume that this part of the aqueduct was used throughout the Antiquity, both
the early and the late phases. At the next location of the so-called “Aqueduct of Claudius”, some 2.5
km south of Devojačko Ždrelo, both early and late phases were documented. At
this point, the direction of the aqueduct was changed from south to west, going
right to the site of Podvinik (sites 1 and 2). The later aqueduct is placed right beside the southern side of the earlier pipeline, so it is obvious that the engineers of
the later installation were aware of the previous aqueduct and its route.
At the next reference point, Podvinik 2, we also have both phases present,
but this time we have the archaeological situation documented, where the earlier
aqueduct was damaged by its successor. Namely, the ceramic pipeline was cut off
by a revision shaft, made for a later conduit. At the last location, some 150 m to
the south-west (Podvinik 1), there is almost no trace of the earlier pipeline, so we
can only assume that the later object obliterated the earlier one. From that point,
there is less than 1 km left to the Ottoman fortress, beneath which the RomanoByzantine city of Naissus has been archaeologically recorded.
On the other side of the city (to the north and north-east of the Ottoman
Fortress), several excavations were conducted in previous decades, revealing
mainly the remains of much more recent, Ottoman pipeline, but on that occasion
the researchers managed to recognise the earlier phase of that installation along
most of its route, dating its construction even back to the Roman time. This hypothesis is based on observations of the stratigraphic situation and architectural
characteristics of the objects that provide support to that idea.
Some 1.5 km to the north-west of the Fortress, the site of Mali Ribnik
was excavated in the beginning of the 20th century. During that campaign, several
objects, including castellum aquae, were excavated. However, some 500 m to
the south-east of Mali Ribnik, a luxurious villa was discovered in the 1970s, so
we can assume that the water supply line from Mali Ribnik was actually a local
aqueduct, conveying water to this villa and not to the city. An almost identical
situation has been documented at the site of Mediana, where a castellum aquae
was built exclusively for the purpose of supplying the villa.
Just a few hundred meters to the south of Mali Ribnik is Veliki Ribnik,
where some sort of a pipeline was registered as well, but its exact purpose and
dating remained unsolved due to the fact that the place was used by the Yugoslav
army at that time. At least three different sites were excavated between Veliki
Ribnik and the Fortress and we can expect that, besides the Ottoman water system, there was also its Roman phase as well. The last possible argument would
be the description provided by Felix Kanitz, in which he mentioned one Roman
aqueduct just next to the Vinik Gate of the Fortress, which could also be a part of
the north-western water supplying system. In conclusion, the aqueduct leading from the spring in the north-eastern
area of the city could be traced for most of its route, with its two phases used in
different periods. A separate, local branch or an individual water supply line was
probably used to supply the Late Antique villa and, finally, one more aqueduct
leading from the north-west toward city was registered as well.
It is not surprising that a city as large and important as Naissus in both the
Roman and the Late Antiquity period needed more than one water supply system.
A great number of public buildings, luxurious villas, baths and fountains, had to
be supplied steadily and properly, so we expect that some further investigation
activities, especially in parts of Gradsko Polje and the area just north of the Fortress, will shed more light on water supply lines that were built and used to supply
the city with fresh water.
Кључне речи:
Наисус / римски период / касна антика / водовод / снабдевање водом / реконструкција водоводних траса / Naissus / Late Antiquity / aqueducts / water supply / water systems studyИзвор:
Гласник Српског археолошког друштва, 2022, 38, 71-98Издавач:
- Београд : Српско археолошко друштво
Институција/група
Arheologija / ArchaeologyTY - JOUR AU - Јанковић, Марко А. AU - Алексић, Александар PY - 2022 UR - http://reff.f.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/4550 AB - : Крајем 2020. године обављена су заштитна истраживања на две локације на локалитету Подвиник у Нишу. Том приликом су откривени остаци два римска водовода – старијег и млађег, па резултати ових истраживања представљају важан сегмент у осветљавању проблема водоснабдевања римског и касноантичког Наисуса. За потребе овог текста искоришћена је и до сада или тек делимично публикована или потпуно непубликована документација са локалитета који се могу везати за водоводну мрежу античког града. Резултати археолошких истраживања на већем броју локалитета у другој половини 20. и са почетка 21. века умногоме су послужила за реконструкцију траса којима су водоводи спроводили воду до Наисуса, али и за могуће решавање проблема снабдевања вила у околини града. Основни циљ овог рада је да систематизује досадашње податке и на основу тога реконструише пут којим је вода допремана у град, као и да опише и објасни начине којима су становници града успевали да реше задатак водоснабдевања града и околних вила. Радна хипотеза, која је у највећој мери потврђена, у тексту се ослањала на раније претпоставке да је град величине Наисуса свакако морао имати више од једног водовода како би задовољио своје потребе за водом. AB - The city of Naissus has been excavated and documented during the last century and a half. Despite the circumstance that the previous settlements lay beneath the contemporary one, archaeologists have been able to reveal numerous objects from the Roman and Late Antiquity period Naissus, which helped in reconstructing the everyday life of its citizens. Among other artefacts, those related to the ancient water supply system have also been registered, although not always adequately published. The last excavations of the Roman aqueduct of Naissus in 2020 were the reason for a broader approach to the issue of water supply systems in the Early and Late Antiquity periods. The first mention of a Roman spring in the vicinity of Naissus was documented in the end of the 19th century and, since then, more than a few locations related to water supply lines have been investigated in modern-day Niš and its surrounding. The routes of at least three separate aqueducts could be partially reconstructed from their water catchment area from two springs to the north-east and one to the north-west of the town. There are indications that one more water (local) line was in use for supplying the Late Antique villa near Vinik. The situation with north-eastern aqueducts is much simpler and much better documented than that in the north-western area. There, we have two chronological phases of the aqueduct, whose routes partially (or maybe mostly) overlapped. The older phase is dated into the 2nd‒3rd century, consisting of an underground ceramic pipeline, while the more recent phase of the conduit was built of bricks and stones probably in the late 3rd or early 4th century. The spring at the site of Devojačko Ždrelo (renamed “Srećkovo Vrelo” after the Second World War) was described as a brick-and-stone-made reservoir from which the water was conducted via a ceramic pipeline, leading south through the villages of Donji and Gornji Matejevac. Since there is no mention of a later phase (only the ceramic pipeline is described), we can only assume that this part of the aqueduct was used throughout the Antiquity, both the early and the late phases. At the next location of the so-called “Aqueduct of Claudius”, some 2.5 km south of Devojačko Ždrelo, both early and late phases were documented. At this point, the direction of the aqueduct was changed from south to west, going right to the site of Podvinik (sites 1 and 2). The later aqueduct is placed right beside the southern side of the earlier pipeline, so it is obvious that the engineers of the later installation were aware of the previous aqueduct and its route. At the next reference point, Podvinik 2, we also have both phases present, but this time we have the archaeological situation documented, where the earlier aqueduct was damaged by its successor. Namely, the ceramic pipeline was cut off by a revision shaft, made for a later conduit. At the last location, some 150 m to the south-west (Podvinik 1), there is almost no trace of the earlier pipeline, so we can only assume that the later object obliterated the earlier one. From that point, there is less than 1 km left to the Ottoman fortress, beneath which the RomanoByzantine city of Naissus has been archaeologically recorded. On the other side of the city (to the north and north-east of the Ottoman Fortress), several excavations were conducted in previous decades, revealing mainly the remains of much more recent, Ottoman pipeline, but on that occasion the researchers managed to recognise the earlier phase of that installation along most of its route, dating its construction even back to the Roman time. This hypothesis is based on observations of the stratigraphic situation and architectural characteristics of the objects that provide support to that idea. Some 1.5 km to the north-west of the Fortress, the site of Mali Ribnik was excavated in the beginning of the 20th century. During that campaign, several objects, including castellum aquae, were excavated. However, some 500 m to the south-east of Mali Ribnik, a luxurious villa was discovered in the 1970s, so we can assume that the water supply line from Mali Ribnik was actually a local aqueduct, conveying water to this villa and not to the city. An almost identical situation has been documented at the site of Mediana, where a castellum aquae was built exclusively for the purpose of supplying the villa. Just a few hundred meters to the south of Mali Ribnik is Veliki Ribnik, where some sort of a pipeline was registered as well, but its exact purpose and dating remained unsolved due to the fact that the place was used by the Yugoslav army at that time. At least three different sites were excavated between Veliki Ribnik and the Fortress and we can expect that, besides the Ottoman water system, there was also its Roman phase as well. The last possible argument would be the description provided by Felix Kanitz, in which he mentioned one Roman aqueduct just next to the Vinik Gate of the Fortress, which could also be a part of the north-western water supplying system. In conclusion, the aqueduct leading from the spring in the north-eastern area of the city could be traced for most of its route, with its two phases used in different periods. A separate, local branch or an individual water supply line was probably used to supply the Late Antique villa and, finally, one more aqueduct leading from the north-west toward city was registered as well. It is not surprising that a city as large and important as Naissus in both the Roman and the Late Antiquity period needed more than one water supply system. A great number of public buildings, luxurious villas, baths and fountains, had to be supplied steadily and properly, so we expect that some further investigation activities, especially in parts of Gradsko Polje and the area just north of the Fortress, will shed more light on water supply lines that were built and used to supply the city with fresh water. PB - Београд : Српско археолошко друштво T2 - Гласник Српског археолошког друштва T1 - Водоснабдевање Античког Наисуса T1 - Water supply of Naissus in Antiquity EP - 98 SP - 71 VL - 38 DO - 10.18485/gsad.2022.38.3 ER -
@article{ author = "Јанковић, Марко А. and Алексић, Александар", year = "2022", abstract = ": Крајем 2020. године обављена су заштитна истраживања на две локације на локалитету Подвиник у Нишу. Том приликом су откривени остаци два римска водовода – старијег и млађег, па резултати ових истраживања представљају важан сегмент у осветљавању проблема водоснабдевања римског и касноантичког Наисуса. За потребе овог текста искоришћена је и до сада или тек делимично публикована или потпуно непубликована документација са локалитета који се могу везати за водоводну мрежу античког града. Резултати археолошких истраживања на већем броју локалитета у другој половини 20. и са почетка 21. века умногоме су послужила за реконструкцију траса којима су водоводи спроводили воду до Наисуса, али и за могуће решавање проблема снабдевања вила у околини града. Основни циљ овог рада је да систематизује досадашње податке и на основу тога реконструише пут којим је вода допремана у град, као и да опише и објасни начине којима су становници града успевали да реше задатак водоснабдевања града и околних вила. Радна хипотеза, која је у највећој мери потврђена, у тексту се ослањала на раније претпоставке да је град величине Наисуса свакако морао имати више од једног водовода како би задовољио своје потребе за водом., The city of Naissus has been excavated and documented during the last century and a half. Despite the circumstance that the previous settlements lay beneath the contemporary one, archaeologists have been able to reveal numerous objects from the Roman and Late Antiquity period Naissus, which helped in reconstructing the everyday life of its citizens. Among other artefacts, those related to the ancient water supply system have also been registered, although not always adequately published. The last excavations of the Roman aqueduct of Naissus in 2020 were the reason for a broader approach to the issue of water supply systems in the Early and Late Antiquity periods. The first mention of a Roman spring in the vicinity of Naissus was documented in the end of the 19th century and, since then, more than a few locations related to water supply lines have been investigated in modern-day Niš and its surrounding. The routes of at least three separate aqueducts could be partially reconstructed from their water catchment area from two springs to the north-east and one to the north-west of the town. There are indications that one more water (local) line was in use for supplying the Late Antique villa near Vinik. The situation with north-eastern aqueducts is much simpler and much better documented than that in the north-western area. There, we have two chronological phases of the aqueduct, whose routes partially (or maybe mostly) overlapped. The older phase is dated into the 2nd‒3rd century, consisting of an underground ceramic pipeline, while the more recent phase of the conduit was built of bricks and stones probably in the late 3rd or early 4th century. The spring at the site of Devojačko Ždrelo (renamed “Srećkovo Vrelo” after the Second World War) was described as a brick-and-stone-made reservoir from which the water was conducted via a ceramic pipeline, leading south through the villages of Donji and Gornji Matejevac. Since there is no mention of a later phase (only the ceramic pipeline is described), we can only assume that this part of the aqueduct was used throughout the Antiquity, both the early and the late phases. At the next location of the so-called “Aqueduct of Claudius”, some 2.5 km south of Devojačko Ždrelo, both early and late phases were documented. At this point, the direction of the aqueduct was changed from south to west, going right to the site of Podvinik (sites 1 and 2). The later aqueduct is placed right beside the southern side of the earlier pipeline, so it is obvious that the engineers of the later installation were aware of the previous aqueduct and its route. At the next reference point, Podvinik 2, we also have both phases present, but this time we have the archaeological situation documented, where the earlier aqueduct was damaged by its successor. Namely, the ceramic pipeline was cut off by a revision shaft, made for a later conduit. At the last location, some 150 m to the south-west (Podvinik 1), there is almost no trace of the earlier pipeline, so we can only assume that the later object obliterated the earlier one. From that point, there is less than 1 km left to the Ottoman fortress, beneath which the RomanoByzantine city of Naissus has been archaeologically recorded. On the other side of the city (to the north and north-east of the Ottoman Fortress), several excavations were conducted in previous decades, revealing mainly the remains of much more recent, Ottoman pipeline, but on that occasion the researchers managed to recognise the earlier phase of that installation along most of its route, dating its construction even back to the Roman time. This hypothesis is based on observations of the stratigraphic situation and architectural characteristics of the objects that provide support to that idea. Some 1.5 km to the north-west of the Fortress, the site of Mali Ribnik was excavated in the beginning of the 20th century. During that campaign, several objects, including castellum aquae, were excavated. However, some 500 m to the south-east of Mali Ribnik, a luxurious villa was discovered in the 1970s, so we can assume that the water supply line from Mali Ribnik was actually a local aqueduct, conveying water to this villa and not to the city. An almost identical situation has been documented at the site of Mediana, where a castellum aquae was built exclusively for the purpose of supplying the villa. Just a few hundred meters to the south of Mali Ribnik is Veliki Ribnik, where some sort of a pipeline was registered as well, but its exact purpose and dating remained unsolved due to the fact that the place was used by the Yugoslav army at that time. At least three different sites were excavated between Veliki Ribnik and the Fortress and we can expect that, besides the Ottoman water system, there was also its Roman phase as well. The last possible argument would be the description provided by Felix Kanitz, in which he mentioned one Roman aqueduct just next to the Vinik Gate of the Fortress, which could also be a part of the north-western water supplying system. In conclusion, the aqueduct leading from the spring in the north-eastern area of the city could be traced for most of its route, with its two phases used in different periods. A separate, local branch or an individual water supply line was probably used to supply the Late Antique villa and, finally, one more aqueduct leading from the north-west toward city was registered as well. It is not surprising that a city as large and important as Naissus in both the Roman and the Late Antiquity period needed more than one water supply system. A great number of public buildings, luxurious villas, baths and fountains, had to be supplied steadily and properly, so we expect that some further investigation activities, especially in parts of Gradsko Polje and the area just north of the Fortress, will shed more light on water supply lines that were built and used to supply the city with fresh water.", publisher = "Београд : Српско археолошко друштво", journal = "Гласник Српског археолошког друштва", title = "Водоснабдевање Античког Наисуса, Water supply of Naissus in Antiquity", pages = "98-71", volume = "38", doi = "10.18485/gsad.2022.38.3" }
Јанковић, М. А.,& Алексић, А.. (2022). Водоснабдевање Античког Наисуса. in Гласник Српског археолошког друштва Београд : Српско археолошко друштво., 38, 71-98. https://doi.org/10.18485/gsad.2022.38.3
Јанковић МА, Алексић А. Водоснабдевање Античког Наисуса. in Гласник Српског археолошког друштва. 2022;38:71-98. doi:10.18485/gsad.2022.38.3 .
Јанковић, Марко А., Алексић, Александар, "Водоснабдевање Античког Наисуса" in Гласник Српског археолошког друштва, 38 (2022):71-98, https://doi.org/10.18485/gsad.2022.38.3 . .