Велможе и ктиторско право код Немањића и Лазаревића

Abstract

Ктиторско право је у средњовековној Србији припало владарским резерватима. Међутим, још у време великих жупана они су то право уступали и својој браћи, удеоним кнезовима. Тако су право искористили кнез Мирослав (Свети Апостоли), и кнез Страцимир (Богородица Градачка). Током 13. века ово право се проширило на ширу породицу владара, тј јест на све принчевског порекла. Тако су своје задужбине подигли Владислав, касније краљ, Димитрије Вукановић и Стефан Вукановић. Та права су наслеђивали и њихови потомци, као и жупанску титулу, ако нису учествовали у државсној управи, они су добилали и друге титуле. Они су управљали посебним државама, командовали војском и били владареве стегоноше. Од времена краља Милутина и посебно од Душановог времена, шири се круг ктитора на велможа који и не морају бити у сродству са владаром (Јован Оливер, Хреља), Они по одобрењу влсдара подижу задужбине на територијама којима управљају, или на својим баштинама...

The founders right belonged to the group of royal rights, which they passed on to their relatives, as well. Thus, the great župan (perfect) Stefan Nemanja extended that right to his brothers, regional lords (oblasni gospodari). Over time, this right was acquired by all hereditary župans, both those of princely origin and those who acquired this title by birth. These patronage rights should not be equated with the right of the noblemen to build hereditary churches, with the permission of the ruler, on their hereditary estates. From the time of King Milutin, and especially from the time of King and Tsar Dušan, the patronage spread among the nobles, especially among the velmože (highest rank of the Serbian medieval noblemen) who followed the example of their ruler. Their endowments were raised as imitation of the endowments of Nemanjić, and they did not lag far behind them in size and beauty. The first such endowment was the monastery of Lesnovo founded by Despot Jovan Oliver. The patronage of rulers and nobles continued even in the time of the time of the regional lords. The greatest activity was shown by Prince Lazar and his nobles. This policy continued during Lazarević's time. In the time of Prince Lazar, the nobles also participated in raising endowments, as well as in the time of Nemanjić (Obrad Dragoslalić, Nikola Zojić, Novak Belocrkvić). In the time of Despot Stefan Lazarević, the founders were mostly his people of trust, those whom he raised to the highest functions and titles (Radič Postupović). Through the careful analysis of the founder’s rights, can be seen of a special social layer within the ruling class, and those are velmože - the great nobles, as the richest and most capable part of that class.