Мертик вински - вино као део исхране у црквеном и световном животу средњовековне Србије

Abstract

Предмет рада је улога и заступљеност вина у исхрани црквених и световних слојева друштва средњовековне Србије. Мертик вински представља следовање у вину које је као део оброка припадало свим члановима монашке заједнице, затим болеснима, немоћнима и сиротињи при манастирима, као и мајсторима и зависном становништву када је обављало одређене послове за свог феудалног господара. У раду је представљен режим конзумирања вина у манастирима у склопу редовних оброка током мрсних и посних годишњих циклуса, као и пракса служења додатних количина вина приликом одржавања помена, у виду приливка/прилевка. Обрађено је и питање запремине винског мертика на дневном и месечном нивоу, као и красовоља – чаше која је у Хиландару и Студеници служила за одмеравање вина приликом обедовања. Такође, указано је и на очигледну тежњу ка изједначавању величине винског оброка монаха и људи у манастирским срединама, са једне, и зависног становништва на манастирским властелинствима, са друге стране.

Wine was considered food in the Middle Ages, thus being of great importance, both in the sacral aspect – for performing communion and other church rites, and in the diet of the church and secular strata of society. In Serbian medieval monasteries, wine was consumed throughout most of the year, while the rulers endeavored to provide sufficient quantities of this drink to their endowments. The use of wine in monasteries was regulated and precisely measured by monastic typika, which specified the diet during the regular and fasting days, periods of non-fasting cycles, as well as major fasting periods. The fraternal share of each member of the monastic community, which included sleeping quarters, food, clothing, footwear and other necessities, was called komat, mertik or adelphate (Serb. adrfat). Mertik vinski – wine mertik was a wine meal that belonged to monks, but also to the sick, infirm, and the elderly at monasteries, as well as to the poor, who gathered at the monastery gates and received wine “at the door”, especially on major holidays. Wine mertik also referred to the meal that was given to the craftsmen, professional cattle breeders (Vlachs), and probably farmers and other categories of the dependent population, when fulfilling certain tasks for the needs of their feudal lord. The daily quantity of the wine mertik was 1.28 l/dm³. In the monasteries of Hilandar and Studenica, the quantity of wine for a meal was measured by the great krasobolion (Serb. krasovolj), or the great wine cup. On certain days, the wine was served in small krasobolion – a small cup, measuring half of the great one. In addition to the regular diet, during the commemorations of the ktetors and other persons, additional quantities of wine were served in the form of a refill – Serb. prilivak / prilevak, which symbolized the act of resurrection and eternal life. In medieval Serbia, one can notice a tendency to equate the quantities of wine in the meals of the monks and other people in the monasteries, with those belonging to the dependent population, when performing the work for the monasteries.