Radno vreme kao mera ubrzanja srpskog društva na prelazu vekova: antropološka analiza

Abstract

Cilj ovog rada bio je da uputi u rezultate terenskog istraživanja, sprovedenog 2005. godine, koje je u fokusu imalo doživljaje, strategije i očekivanja zaposlenih Beograđana u pogledu radnog vremena i pojedinih temporalnih međa koje ga karakteristično definišu, bilo da se radilo o formalnom početku ili kraju satnice ili o propisanom vremenu predviđenom za pauzu na radu. Ključna promena, detektovana analizom narativa trideset ispitanika različitih radnih pozicija, poslovnih orijentacija i dužina karijera, u najvećoj meri se odnosila na doživljaj ubrzanja vremena koje je sve češće zamagljivalo i razlike između poslovne i privatne sfere života. Razlozi za ovu promenu najpre su pronađeni u činjenici da se, počev od 2000. godine, ukupni socioekonomski i politički kontekst u kojem deluju domaća preduzeća i institucije u značajnijoj meri menja preduzetim reformskim procesima s ciljem pridruživanja Evropskoj uniji, ali i otvaranjem zemlje prema inostranom kapitalu. Međutim, pored ovog plana, od izrazitog značaja bilo je utvrditi i meru u kojoj su pojedinačna poslovna iskustva rada sa strancima ili rada za strance imala uticaja na doživljaj apostrofiranog ubrzanja.

Multiple processes in modern Serbia occurred at the end of the twentieth and the beginning of the twenty first century. Almost all of them regard political, economic, and social changes. Influences caused by these changes can be seen in the social template across the spectrum of plans, encompassing various spheres of life of individuals from business to private, all the way to the point where this division, for many, is gradually disappearing. In that sense, this paper will follow the most anthropologically interesting example of research, the one that follows the influences of the undertaken reform processes and observed changes. This is the example that regards the experience and evaluation of time among employed inhabitants of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. The aim of this paper was to refer to the results of anthropological fieldwork conducted in 2005, which focused on the experiences, strategies and expectations of employed Belgraders in terms of their working hours and certain temporal boundaries that characterize it. Due to the increasingly intensive business contacts with foreign partners and colleagues since 2000, the working hours of employees were analyzed in a narrower context, as they were on the long list of adjustments, mostly to Western influences. These contacts were not only more frequent after the period of the 1990s, which, among other things, is characterized by a sudden break in cooperation with foreigners, but were often dictated by the EU integration process, the increase of the private sector in which operated companies were oriented towards profit, and the acceleration of time. The last aspect was examined in 2005 through a sample comprising 30 interlocutors of various business backgrounds. The ethnographic material was categorized and analyzed with regard to the differentiation of respondents by age. Fifteen respondents were chosen to represent the older generation (born in the 1940s and 1950s) and as many the younger generation (born in the 1960s and 1980s). The blurring of the boundaries between the employees’ business and private life in Belgrade became more marked at the turn of the century, and it could be clearly stated through the example of working time. Differences between the period of socialism and the period of reforms since the 1990s relate also to a sense of insecurity and fear of losing one’s job or having inadequate work, and the simultaneous development of the private sector, which is characterized by stricter rules for employees. More intensive was the influence of business on the private domain of life, but also the intrusion of the private into business life. This has become a necessity and a pledge of individual functioning on both levels, which show combined characteristics of acceleration through the increase of obligations.

L’objectif de cet article a été de rendre compte des résultats d’une recherche de terrain, menée en 2005, qui était concentrée sur les sentiments, les stratégies et les espérances des Belgradois actifs, quant aux durées de travail et certaines limites temporelles qui définissent ces durées, qu’il s’agisse du début formel ou de la fin de l’horaire ou encore du temps prescrit prévu pour des pauses au travail. Le changement décisif, détecté par l’analyse du récit de trente interrogés de profils de postes, d’orientations professionnelles et de longueurs de carrières différentes, concernait dans la plus grande mesure le sentiment d’accélération du temps qui de plus en plus souvent brouillait aussi les différences entre les sphères professionnelle et privée de leurs vies. Les raisons de ce changement ont d’abord été trouvées dans le fait qu’à partir de 2000, le contexte socioéconomique global dans lequel les entreprises et les institutions serbes sont dans une grande mesure transformées par des processus de réforme entrepris avec l’objectif d’adhérer à l’Union européenne, mais aussi par l’ouverture du pays envers le capital étranger. Cependant, en dehors de cet objectif, il a été d’une importance capitale également de déterminer la mesure dans laquelle les expériences professionnelles individuelles consistant à travailler avec les étrangers ou pour eux, ont exercé leur influence sur le sentiment d’accélération évoqué.