Српски народ у Османском царству – зулуми, гладне године, побуне и ванредни намети. Пример Нишког санџака (1839–1856)

Abstract

У раду се третира период од обнародовања Хатишерифа од Гилхане, 3. новембра 1839, до прогласа Хатихумајуна, 18. фебруара 1856. године. У овом раздобљу Висока Порта је настојала да спроведе танзиматске реформе на терену, али је у томе имала потешкоћа због антиреформних покрета муслиманских поданика Османског царства. Реформски период се због тога манифестовао и као доба анархије, а томе су додатно допринеле гладне године, устанци хришћана и муслимана и Кримски рат (1853–1856). Акценат у раду је стављен на положај Срба у Нишком санџаку у периоду од 1839. до 1856. године. Указано је на који начин су се реформе манифестовале, како на формирање Нишког санџака, тако и на живот српског народа, узимајући у обзир утицај неродних, устаничких и ратних година. Рад је првенствено написан на основу необјављене архивске грађе српске провенијенције.

The Sanjak of Niš was officially founded in 1838, while the process of its formation ended at the end of 1844 or the beginning of 1845. Administratively, it was divided into six kazas: Niš, Leskovac, Prokuplje, Kuršumlija, Pirot and Berkovica. The position of the Serbs in the Sanjak of Niš was not improved by the proclamation of the Gulhane Hatt-i Sharif (1839), which declared all subjects in the Ottoman Empire equal. Violence and excessive taxation led to the uprising of the Serbs in Niš, Pirot and Leskovac kaza in 1841. The uprising was smothered in blood, and was followed by reprisals by Albanians. The situation was not peaceful even in the following years due to the repeated attempt of rebellions in the Sanjak of Niš (1842) and the Albanian uprising (1843–1844). In the period from 1844 to 1853, the Sublime Porte was trying to implement reforms in the Sanjak of Niš. However, in addition to the good will of Constantinople and the Niš vali Mehmed Vasif Pasha, it took time for the reforms were implemented. The tolerant policy of the Sublime Porte towards the conspirators in the Sanjak of Niš (1846, 1850) and the effort to include them in the provincial system are a unique example. The implementation of Tanzimat reforms in the Sanjak of Niš came to the fore in the period of 1850–1853, during the reign of vali’s Mehmed Hurshid Pasha, Mehmed Besim Pasha and Ismail Pasha, who zealously fought against abuses and violence, and respected people's complaints. Changes came with the Crimean War (1853–1856), when the Serbs were obliged to pay extraordinary levies and forced to free labour for the fortification of Niš, Pirot and Bela Palanka. At the end of the war, Hatt-i Humayun was published in Constantinople, announcing the improvement of the position of Christians in the Ottoman Empire. The Serbs in the Sanjak of Niš understood that the Reform Act was issued to improve the position of Christians in the Ottoman State, while the Muslims expressed resistance to it.