'Islam' u anti-multikulturnoj retorici političara i antropologa Zapadne Evrope - kongruencija ili koincidencija?

Abstract

Nedavna retorika 'kraja' ili 'neuspeha' multikulturalizma u Evropi i izvan nje antropologe nije iznenadila. Štaviše, izjave vodećih političara ključnih evropskih ekonomija deluju kao da se oslanjaju na višedecenijsku antropološku kritiku posledica neuspešne primene multikulturnih politika i u Evropi i na globalnom planu. Deluje kao da poruke koje čujemo poslednjih godina - da su multikulturne politike kontraindikovane, da slabe kontakte među kulturama, uskraćuju pojedincima pravo na promenu i izbor identiteta i osnažuju unutar-kulturne posednike moći, s patrijarhatom, nasiljem nad ženama i decom, napuštanjem školovanja, religijskim fundamentalizmom pa i terorizmom kao glavnim posledicama - političari čitaju iz antropoloških analiza zloupotreba kolektivnih 'kulturnih' prava. U radu se razmatra priroda ove sličnosti između diskursa političara i antropologa s posebnim naglaskom na status 'islama' u njima, i diskutuje da li je u pitanju kongruencija ili puka koincidencija stavova, kako prema manjinama, imigrantima i kulturnim različitostima, tako i prema regulativi koja je imala da tu različitost zaštiti kao fundamentalnu evropsku vrednost koja danas, makar na retoričkom planu, bledi.

The recent rhetoric of the 'end' or 'failure' of multiculturalism in Europe and beyond came as no surprise to anthropologists. Moreover, the statements made by leading politicians of key European economies seem as though they are based on the decades old anthropological critique of the consequences of the failed implementation of multicultural policies in Europe and on the global level. It is as though the messages we have been getting over the course of the last few years - that multicultural policies are contraindicated, that they weaken the contacts between cultures, rob individuals of the right to change and chose their identities and strengthen intra-cultural mediators of power, with patriarchy, violence against women and children, leaving school, religious fundamentalism and even terrorism as main consequences - are being read by politicians from anthropological analyses of abuses of collective 'cultural' rights. The paper considers the nature of this similarity between the discourse of politicians and anthropologists with a special emphasis on the status of 'Islam' in them, and discusses whether it is congruence or mere coincidence of stances toward minorities, immigrants and cultural differences, as toward the regulations which were tasked with protecting this diversity as a fundamental European value which today, at least at the rhetorical level, seems to be fading.