Johan Gotlib Fihte: Od kosmopolitizma do nacionalizma

Abstract

Cilj članka se sastoji u rekonstruisanju razvoja Fihteove političke misli od rane, individualističko-kosmopolitske faze do pozne nacionalističke. Od pobornika francuske revolucije i njenih idejnih tekovina, Fihte pri kraju svog života postaje njen oštar kritičar. Ipak, on sve vreme ostaje u svojim temeljnim opredeljenima kosmopolita koji se zalaže za građanske vrednosti. U skladu sa tim opredeljenjima, naciju on shvata kao obostrano razumevanje između predstavljenih i predstavnika. Međutim, kada govori konkretno o nemačkoj naciji, Fihte više ne pominje ovo obostrano razumevanje (podrazumevajući da ono već postoji), nego se okreće jedino ka problemu realizacije sopstva nemačke nacije. Time se stavlja na stranu konzervativne politike Wilhelma Friedricha III, sve u cilju pružanja otporu Napoleonu i francuskim okupatorima Prusije. Naposletku, to ga navodi da sam učini ono što je u mladosti kritikovao: da učestovuje u buđenju nacionalnog ponosa bez nacije.

The purpose of this article is to reconstruct the development of Fichte's political thought form the early, individualistic phase to the late, nationalistic one. From the supporter of French revolution and its ideological heritage, Fichte becomes, toward the end of his life, its sharp critic. Nevertheless, he was all the time a cosmopolite, devoted to the civil values. According to this attitudes, nation is for him mutual understanding between the represented and representatives. But, speaking about German nation, Fichte mentions this mutual understanding no more (implying that it already exists) and discusses only the problem of realizing the self of the German nation. By doing that, he found himself on the side of Wilhelm Friedrich's conservative politics, in order to offer resistance to Napoleon and French occupiers of Prussia. Finally, that led him to do the same thing he used to criticize in his youth: to take a part in awakening of national proud without nation.