Vezanost za mesto i migracione namere stanovništva: primer osam gradova u Srbiji

Abstract

Following the need to combine macro structural and micro actors' perspective, this paper conceptually starts from endogenous city development paradigm within which place attachment and intentions to migrate are given specific importance since human resources are perceived of pivotal significance. Such paradigm is related to diversified factors that makes city more or less attractive for local popu-lation, thus enhancing their place attachment and involvement or migrational intentions. Focused connection between the place attachment and migration inten-tions are discussed as neglected in studies of migration, and conceptually sup-ported by the notion of territorial identity and specific reinterpretation of Bour-dieu's ideas of sense of comfort in place, and by employing his concept of habitus to the city. Empirically, the connection of people's place attachment and inten-tions to migrate is analyzed for eight cities in Serbia. The selected cities: Kragu-jevac, Sabac, Užice, Novi Pazar, Sombor, Zrenjanin, Leskovac, and Zajecar are chosen as middle sized cities for which the issues to develop attractiveness and attach their population becomes particularly complex in times of (post-socialist) transformation and economic crisis. Empirical analysis is aimed to illustrate the researched cities potential to keep their population by investigating their place attachment (emotional and function-al) and the way they perceive their city, in relation to their intention to migrate. Data are collected through questionnaire survey, in the 2013-2015 period. Such an explorative aim intended to demonstrate the importance to research local population perspective in order to understand the cities as lived spaces and their acting potential, as such important information are left out of scope by regular statistics. Research findings confirm the basic assumption that cities with higher migration inclinations are also the cities with lower place attachment. That sup-ports the employed perspective which reveals that place attachment and provin-cial habitus' characteristics emerge irrespective to their development category. Thus, Zrenjanin and Zajecar appeared with weaker while Novi Pazar with strong-er capacities than expected. Besides that, the correlation between migration incli-nations and place attachment is more consistent and stronger than between migra-tion inclinations and any other socio-demographic characteristic of respondents, in all cities. Such finding confirms the need that place attachment should be given more attention in researching city development potentials, for which migrations are sifnificant indication. More work should be dedicated to further conceptual-ization of connection between place attachment and migrational intentions both from demographic and sociological perspective. Also, the fact that respondents' education correlates more to place attachment than to migrational intentions, while correlations among the last two variables are more consistent, indicates to possible complex interferences and need to further explore the observed connec-tions.

Rad povezuje neoendogeni pristup razvoju gradova, koji akcentuje značaj ljudskog faktora, to jest, vezanost lokalnog stanovništva za mesto kao razvojni potencijal, sa razmatranjem migracionih namera stanovništva. Cilj rada je da karakteristike i povezanost navedenih varijabli ilustruje na primeru osam gradova u Srbiji, oslanjajući se na podatke ankete koja je na reprezentativnim uzorcima sprovedena u Kragujevcu, Šapcu, Užicu i Novom Pazaru (2013. godine), Somboru i Zrenjaninu (2014. godine) i Leskovcu i Zaječaru (2015. godine). U uvodnom delu rada, konceptualno se povezuje neoendogena razvojna paradigma gradova sa migracionom teorijom odbijajućih i privlačećih faktora, a koncept vezanosti za mesto sa teritorijalnim identitetom i specifičnim tumačenjem Burdijeovih ideja o osećaju komfora u mestu, odnosno primenom njegovog koncepta habitus na pojam grada iz perspektive potencijalnih migranata. Drugi deo rada sadrži osnovne informacije o odabranim gradovima, ostvarenoj veličini uzorka u svakom gradu i o tehnikama na koje se oslanja analiza podataka: jednofaktorska analiza varijanse (ANOVA) i Spirmanov koeficijent korelacije rangova. U trećem delu rada, izloženi su rezultati empirijskog istraživanja koji potvrđuju polaznu pretpostavku da su gradovi sa izraženijim migracionim namerama gradovi čiji ispitanici pokazuju nešto nižu vezanost za mesto. Obe posmatrane varijable povezuju se sa percepcijom ispitanika o stanju grada u kome žive, a ispoljeni nivo pesimizma i provincijalizacije habitusa grada, te emotivne vezanosti stanovnika i migratornih namera varira nezavisno od kategorije razvijenosti grada. U završnoj diskusiji, navedeni nalazi ilustrovani su i intervjuima sa stručnjacima zaposlenim u značajnim lokalnim institucijama, koji su obavljeni u istraživanim gradovima.