Glagol osvetiti u Zakoniku o rudnicima

Abstract

Razmatra se oblik ûsbetUd u ćiriličnom prepisu Zakona o rudnicima. Na osnovu pisanja sa o = G u latiničnom prepisu i konteksta pokazuje se da posredi nije glagol ©s beti ti 'osveštati, izvršiti odmazdu' nego inače slabo posvedočen ©sbG t i t i 'osvetliti'.

Zakon o rudnikah (dalee: ZR), provozglašennyj v 1412 godu serbskim despotom Stefanom Lazarevičem, došel do nas v dvuh spiskah, odin iz kotoryh perepisan kirillicej v konce XVI stoletiâ a drugoj latinskim alfavitom v 1638 godu. S momenta opublikovaniâ kirillskoj kopii v 1962 g. stalo ponâtno, čto reč' idet o cennom istočnike po istorii ne tol'ko prava i èkonomiki, a i serbskogo narodnogo âzyka. Značimost' ZR dlâ âzykovedov ne ograničivaetsâ tem, čto v Ego âzyke proâvlâûtsâ čerty rannego dialektnogo členeniâ i čto v nem otmečeny mnogie terminy, zaimstvovannye iz sredneverhnenemeckogo govora saksov (Cacu), prišel'cev, kotorye vo vtoroj polovine XIII veka dali načalo razvitiû gornogo dela v srednevekovoj Serbii. Bolee togo, v ZR v pervyj raz zasvidetel'stvovano nemalo iskonno serbskih slov, otčasti kal'kirovannyh po nemeckim obrazcam. Odnim iz nih âvlâetsâ oceemumu v kirillskoj kopii, na pervyj vzglâd to že samoe, čto dr.-serb. oceemumu 'osvâtit'; naložit' sankciû; otomstit'' lt prasl. *obsv§titi, kotoroe, vse-taki, ne imeet smysla v dannom kontekste. S drugoj storony to, čto v latiničnoj kopii glagol dvaždy napisan s ž, peredaûŝim ât', ukazyvaet na *obsvetiti 'osvetit' (šahtu)', značenie kotorogo sootvetstvuet kontekstu. Esli tak, v ZR nahodim edinstvennoe zasvidetel'stvovanie glagola ocebmumu v serbskom âzyke, za isklûčeniem tekstov, pisannyh serbskim izvodom cerkovnoslavânskogo âzyka. V serbskoj narodnoj reči on zameŝen variantom oce(uj)emiumu, odnoj iz pričin čego moglo byt' to, čto v èkavskih govorah sovpal s oceemumu.

Enacted in 1412 by Serbian Despot Stefan Lazarević, the Mining Code came down to us in two versions, a Cyrillic copy made in the late 16th century and a Latin-alphabet transliteration from 1638, as well as in several translations into Ottoman Turkish. Since the publication of its Cyrillic version in 1962, it has been recognised as a highly valuable source for the history not only of law and economics, but also of the Serbian language. Its linguistic relevance consists not merely in displaying traits of an early dialectal development and rendering a lot of terms borrowed from the Middle High German language of the "Saxons" (Sasi), settlers who after the second half of 13th century triggered the development of the mining industry in medieval Serbia: moreover, it provides the first attestations of many genuine words of spoken Old Serbian, some of them probably calqued on German patterns. One of these words is osvetiti of the Cyrillic version, apparently identical to Old Serbian osvetiti 'sanctify; impose a legal sanction; revenge' lt Common Slavic *obsv§titi, but making no sense in the given context. Yet in the Latin version it occurs twice written with ž rendering e ("yat"), which points to *obsvetiti 'to light up (the mining gallery)', and such an interpretation seems contextually plausible. If it is true, we have in the Mining Code the single attestation of osvetiti in Serbian outside of the texts written in Church Slavonic. In the vernacular, the verb was replaced by osv(ij)etliti, partly because in the ekavian speeches it became homophonous with osvetiti.