Barska (arhi)episkopija u državi Bodinovih naslednika

Abstract

Rad se bavi položajem Barske (arhi)episkopije u prvoj polovini i sredinom XII veka za vladavine naslednika kralja Bodina. Budući da je sačuvan zanemarljivo mali broj izvora koji na direktan način govore o crkvenim prilikama u Duklji, problematika je nužno postavljena u daleko šire okvire. Stoga se pristupilo analizi političkih prilika i crkvenih odnosa na području od Dubrovnika do Zadra. U obzir su uzeti svi relevantni činioci: Apostolska stolica, Ugarska, Venecija, Vizantija, Dubrovnik, Split i Zadar. Političke okolnosti i dinamika međusobnih odnosa navedenih subjekata nisu išli naruku barskoj crkvi u njenim nastojanjima da se izbori za kanonsko priznanje arhiepiskopskog statusa. Tokom perioda koji je trajao oko sedam decenija, barski prelati, lišeni podrške vladara koji su se često smenjivali i stradali u međusobicama, bili su okrenuti prilikama u vlastitoj crkvi, posebno u samom Baru.

Right after the death of King Bodin (1099 or 1101) two opposing forces started a conflict in Duklja. Bodin's widow, Queen Jaquinta, wanted to ensure the throne for her sons, while the descendants of Prince Branislav, son of Bodin's paternal uncle Radoslav, also believed to have a claim on the throne. These conflicts continued over several decades, during which period different kings took turn on the throne. The land was left in chaos. In mid-12th century, Duklja fell under the supreme rule of Byzantium, and its rulers were no longer kings but bore the title of princes (Knez). In such circumstances, the Bar Archdiocese could not rely on the secular government to support them in their struggle to gain the canonical approval for the metropolitan status of their diocese. On the other hand, in the 12th century, popes were faced with the resistance of German kings and emperors and other secular rulers and noblemen, who often selected antipopes as a proven method of pressure on the Holy Apostle See. German cardinals and bishops often supported these antipopes who were not the only papal opponents among the church ranks. The papal authority was also threatened by communal movements in the northern Italy, which were much inspired by the ideas of heretic teachings about evangelical poverty and equality among men. Chronic dissatisfaction and finally open rebellion of the Roman crowds created a lot of trouble. This was intensified by epidemics of contagious diseases and famine that periodically afflicted Rome. In spite of such great temptations, popes firmly insisted on the systematization of the canonical rights in order to strengthen auctoritas apostolica and tried to impose themselves as the supreme factor in solving not only church issues but also secular issues and problems. It was clear to the Bar prelates that they could not request from the Holy Apostle See the acknowledgement of their archdiocese invoking the privileges by Antipope Clement III Wibert from 1089, as the only grounds for such entitlement. They could only patiently wait for the arrival of better times. The Dubrovnik clerics took advantage a favourable moment to act. The old ambitions of the Dubrovnik church were fulfilled in the 1160s and 1170s, at the time of archbishop Tribun and with support of the enthusiastic Pope Alexander III. Thus, bishops from the Duklja became suffragans of the Dubrovnik archbishops. Any resistance to this solution imposed a risk of excommunication, interdiction or deposition.