Hijerarhijska analiza lične autonomije i problem manipulacije

Abstract

U prvom delu rada razmatram hijerarhijsku analizu lične autonomije koja se razvila kroz teoriju o slobodi volje Harija Frankfurta i teoriju lične autonomije Džeralda Dvorkina. Hijerarhijskom analizom lične autonomije se osoba smatra autonomnom u pogledu želje A, ukoliko ima želju da ima želju A. Jedan od glavnih kvaliteta hijerarhijske analize lične autonomije je što se njome ne zahteva od osobe da ima određene vrednosti da bi se smatrala autonomnom. Uprkos ovom i drugim kvalitetima, hijerarhijska analiza lične autonomije se suočava sa problemom manipulacije koji razmatram u drugom delu rada. Frankfurtova teorija je čisto strukturalna i aistorična zato što se njome ne uzima u obzir način sticanja želje drugog reda, odnosno želje da se želi ili ne želi A. To ostavlja mogućnost za uticaje na osobu koji bi podrili njenu autonomiju. Dvorkin, sa druge strane prividno izbegava problem manipulacije uvođenjem uslova proceduralne nezavisnosti kojim se osoba štiti od uticaja koji su paradigmatični primeri narušavanja autonomije. Međutim, Dvorkinov doprinos nije teorijski zadovoljavajući zato što nije dovoljno da prihvatljiva analiza lične autonomije samo navede nekoliko intuitivnih primera uticaja koji ograničavaju ličnu autonomiju, nego je potrebno i da ponudi razlog zbog kojeg se takvi uticaji smatraju opasnim po ličnu autonomiju, odnosno da uspostavi nekakvu vrstu kriterijuma. Takav kriterijum bi nam omogućio da na osnovu njega procenimo granične slučajeve u pogledu kojih se intuicije ljudi razilaze. Zbog toga je krajnji cilj ovog rada da se doprinese određenju kriterijuma na kome će proceduralna nezavisnost biti utemeljena kroz sistematičan pristup problemu manipulacije.

In the first part of the paper, I investigate a hierarchical analysis of personal autonomy which is developed through Harry Frankfurt’s theory of free will and Gerald Dworkin’s theory of personal autonomy. Hierarchical analysis of personal autonomy considers per-son autonomous regarding desire A if he has the desire to have desire A. One of the main advantages of hierarchical analysis of autonomy is that it does not require a person to have any specific values to be considered autonomous. In spite of this and other advantages, hierarchical analysis of personal autonomy is facing the problem of manipulation which I will discuss in the second part of the paper. Frankfurt`s theory is purely structural and ahis-toric because it does not take into consideration a way of acquiring second-order desires or desire to desire or not desire A. That allows the possibility of influences on a person that would diminish their autonomy. On another hand, Dworkin apparently avoids the problem of manipulation by introducing a requirement for procedural independence which protects a person from influences that are paradigmatic cases of violating autonomy. However, Dworkin`s contribution is not theoretically satisfying because it is not enough for acceptable analysis of autonomy to just list a few intuitive examples of constraining personal autonomy, but it is necessary to propose a reason why that kind of inluences is considered dangerous for personal autonomy viz to establish some kind of criteria. Such criteria will enable us to evaluate borderline cases about which people have diferent intuitions according to it. That is the reason why the inal goal of this paper is to contribute to the deinition of criteria on which procedural independence will be based, through a systemic approach to the problem of manipulation.Keywords: personal autonomy, authenticity, procedural independence, substantive independence, problem of manipulation.