Stavovi prema rodnoj podeli uloga u Srbiji 1989-2018

Abstract

Na osnovu analize empirijskih rezultata dobijenih putem četiri istraživanja stanovništva Srbije (na reprezentativnim uzorcima punoletne populacije 1989, 2003, 2012. i 2018. godine), cilj ovog rada je testiranje efekata socijalizacije, strukturnih karakteristika, ideološkog učenja i sistemskih promena na promene u stepenu pristajanja uz stavove koji mere tradicionalno (patrijarhalno) poimanje rodne podele uloga. Efekat socijalizacije je meren na osnovu kohortne dekompozicije (odnosno putem izdvajanja generacijskog efekta); ispoljavanje strukturnih karakteristika je operacionalizovano putem efekta godina starosti (odnosno promene društvenih uloga u različitim fazama životnog ciklusa), obrazovanja, mesta stanovanja, bračnog statusa i religioznosti ispitanika; efekat sistemskih promena je meren na osnovu talasa istraživanja, dok je uticaj ideološkog učenja operacionalizovan putem stepena pristajanja uz stavove koji mere autoritarnu orijentaciju. Analiza je podeljena u dva segmenta: u prvom segmentu je meren pojedinačni efekat pobrojanih činilaca, da bi u drugom segmentu, na osnovu linerane regresione analize, testiran kontrolisani efekat potencijalnih prediktora na stavove koji mere patrijarhalnu orijentaciju. Efekat ovih faktora je izdvojeno analiziran za muškarce i za žene, kako bi se utvrdilo da li dati činioci pokazuju specifično dejstvo s obzirom na ovo obeležje. Rezultati analize pokazuju pad u stepenu pristajanja uz patrijarhalnu orijentaciju tokom protekle tri decenije, ali i izraziti rodni jaz, koji rezultuje u većinskom odbacivanju patrijarhalne podele rodnih uloga kod žena u poslednjem talasu istraživanja. Kada se kontroliše efekat ostalih činilaca, najznačajniji prediktori patrijarhalnosti su autoritarna orijentacija, stepen obrazovanja i talas istraživanja, ukazujući na potrebu komplementarne upotrebe različitih teorijskih pristupa pri objašnjenju promena u stavovima prema rodnoj podeli uloga.

Based on the analysis of empirical results obtained through four surveys of the population of Serbia (on representative samples of the adult population in 1989, 2003, 2012 and 2018), the aim of this paper is to test the effects of socialization, structural characteristics, ideological learning and systemic changes on changes in compliance with attitudes that measure the traditionalist (patriarchal) perception of gender roles division. The effect of socialization was measured on the basis of cohort decomposition (i.e. by isolating the generational effect); the manifestation of structural characteristics is operationalized through the effect of age (i.e. changes in social roles at different stages of the life cycle), education, place of residence, marital status and religiosity of the respondents; the effect of systemic change was measured through research wave, while the impact of ideological learning was operationalized through the degree of adherence to attitudes that measure authoritarian orientation. The analysis is divided into two segments: in the first segment the individual effect of the aforementioned factors was measured, and in the second segment, based on linear regression analysis, the controlled effects of potential predictors on attitudes measuring patriarchal orientation was tested. The effect of these factors was analyzed separately for men and women, in order to determine whether the given predictors show a specific effect with regard to the gender of respondents. The results of the analysis show a decline in the degree of adherence to patriarchal orientation over the past three decades, but also a marked gender gap, which results in a majority rejection of the patriarchal division of gender roles among women in the last wave of research. When controlling the effect of other factors, the most important predictors of patriarchy are authoritarian orientation, level of education and wave of research, pointing to the need for complementary use of different theoretical approaches in explaining changes in attitudes towards gender division of roles.