Организација здравствене заштите у Војводству Србији и Јужној Угарској од 1849. до 1896. године

Abstract

У раду је на основу објављених и необјављених архивских извора, статистичких годишњака и научне литературе представљена здравствена организација у области, која је од 1849. до 1860. обједињена у Војводство Србију, док је 1860. враћена под управу угарских жупанија. У разматраном периоду санитарне мере спроводиле су политичке власти као део полицијских задатака. Хијерархијски систем здравствене организације остао је непромењен у посматраних четрдесет и шест година. Хронични недостатак општинског медицинског особља такође није саниран, али је дошло до пораста броја лекара, као и повољније сразмера у поређењу с бројем општег становништва. Највећу опасност за здравље грађанства представљале су заразне болести, од којих је колера 1872–1873 оставила веома тешке последице.

The beginnings of the modern healthcare organization in the Habsburg Monarchy go back to the 1870s, when sanitary regulations were standardized as part of Maria Theresa's reforms. Despite the state-legal changes in the later period, the health care of the population remained under the jurisdiction of the political authorities and therefore fell under the purview of the Ministry of the Interior in Vienna, and since 1867, the Ministry of the Interior in Pest. In the considered period, the structure of public health remained the same. Sanitary measures in the municipalities were taken care of by the district administration with the help of municipal and district doctors. In the observed area, which was temporarily united from 1849 to 1860 into a separate administrative area called the Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat, and since 1860 the jurisdiction of the former Hungarian counties was restored over it, the number of official medical personnel remained low. The lack was primarily felt at the municipal level, due to material poverty. Although there were 5,240 people per doctor in 1857, and 4,160 in 1896, the ratio was barely more favourable due to the increase in the number of doctors in private practice. Similarly, the hospital system was not significantly improved in the observed period. The main threat to the health of the population was infectious diseases. The most serious consequences in the second half of the 19th century were caused by the cholera epidemic in 1872–73 years, when over forty thousand people died in the observed municipalities, although the official statistics recorded 18,321 deaths.