Arheološka nalazišta X-XI veka u Čačku i okolini
Archaeological sites from 10th-11th century in Čačak and the surrounding
Апстракт
Višegodišnja istraživanja na prostoru Čačanske kotline i njenom brdsko-planinskom obodu ukazala su na postojanje arheoloških ostataka iz X-XI stoleća. Istorijska proučavanja ovog razdoblja otežana su nedostatkom pisanih izvora i uglavnom se kreću u najopštijim okvirima, tako da konsultovanje arheoloških podataka, ma koliko oni za sada skromni bili, može biti od velikog značaja. Dosadašnja saznanja uglavnom su rezultat zaštitnih iskopavanja višeslojnih nalazišta, pa bi njihovo sagledavanje trebalo biti podsticajno i za buduće sistematičnije radove.
Many years of investigations in the region of Čačak valley and its mountainous hinterland revealed archaeological remains from the 10th-11th centuries. Historical studies of these period are hindered due to the lack of written sources and are mainly of general character, hence consulting of archaeological data although rather scarce could be of great importance. For the time being our knowledge is based on the results of rescue excavations of multilayered sites so their examination should stimulate future more systematic investigations. Čačak valley is situated in the southwestern part of central Serbia and includes fringes of Šumadija towards mountain regions of the Dinara range that begins with massifs of Jelica and Ovčar. Large and fertile valley covers an area of about 40 km along the Zapadna Morava river from the Ovčar-Kablar gorge in the northwest to the narrow zone near Kraljevo in the southeast. This valley is enclosed by the mountains and thus from geomorphologic point of view... represents almost closed entity. In the west and southwest are mountains Ovčar and Kablar, towards the north are piedmont areas of Suvobor, Maljen and Rudnik, in the northeast are Vujan and Bukovik, while from the north it is outlined by mountain Jelica. The only open approach to the valley runs along the Zapadna Morava from the southeast and also to some extent it is easy to approach the valley across southern slopes of Rudnik and further along the river Dičina. Archaeological sites dating from the 10th-11th century are for the time being the earliest known confirmation of the medieval life in this area. Period from the 7th to the 9th century is still unascertained so we can not speak about finds earlier of the 10th century. Traces of living dating from the 10th-11th century were discovered on five sites (fig. 1). Distinct group includes Kulina in the village Rošci, Gradina on Jelica and Sokolića (Gradina) in Oštra. The sites are situated on prominent and difficult to approach promontories that dominate over wider surroundings and hence were very suitable for fortification and defense. In contrast to these sites finds from the yard of the church in Čačak dedicated to Ascension of Christ revealed remains of settlement established in the wide, open plain in the vicinity of the Zapadna Morava riverbank. For the time being only when this settlement is concerned we have confirmation for the existence of the corresponding necropolis at the near by site Terme. On the basis of pottery characteristics life duration at Kulina, Gradina on Jelica and Sokolića covers the period from first decades of the 10th century to the first decades of the 11th century and what seems interesting is to what extent could archaeological data be compared with historical studies of this period. When the territory of Čačak valley is concerned the main problem is delimitation of Serbia and Bulgaria in the 10th century, that is the question of eastern and northern borders of Serbia in that time. The Čačak valley most probably belongs to the border area. Zapadna Morava valley is the connection between two geographically entirely different environments. Towards the northeast are cultivated lands of Šumadija and Morava valley while in the southwest is the austere mountainous terrain of the upper course of Zapadna Morava including Dragačevo and portions of Golija, Javor and Zlatibor. Looking from the historical point of view it was the connection between the territory considered to be original area of the Serbian State with the territory that this state extended gradually over in the Middle Ages. Unsubstantial archaeological information that we have at our disposal definitely can not offer incontestable answer on this ambiguous question but some information seems interesting. Pottery from Kulina is identified as product of local Serbian pottery manufacture. At this site so far were not discovered finds that could be attributed to the characteristic Bulgarian material. As far as we are informed the similar situation is encountered at Gradina on Jelica. Find that could possibly indicate Bulgarian occupancy is amphoroid jug from Sokolića, which is situated at the opposite end of the Čačak valley. Unfortunately pottery finds from this site are so scarce that they do not allow more comprehensive study. Generally speaking termination of life at these sites could be related to restoration of Byzantine control in this region. The only exception is the settlement in the yard of the church dedicated to Ascension of Christ in Čačak. Although we still do not know when this settlement was established it seems probable that it happened in the entirely different historical circumstances. These circumstances made possible safe existence in the widely open and unprotected valley of Zapadna Morava in contrast to the earlier life in hardly accessible and most probably fortified settlements. According to the pottery finds it is supposed that this settlement existed in the 11th-12th century. From the same period also dates partially investigated necropolis at the site Terme. Question that seems interesting for investigation of medieval past of Čačak concerns location of Gradac that is mentioned in the charter from 1019 as settlement in the Belgrade bishopric. Some investigators are inclined to identify Gradac with modern Čačak or its closest vicinity. Settlement in the churchyard might have existed in the time when charters were written but this assumption should not be understood as final solution of the problem of Gradac location. Something that we consider essential is the fact that in this case the results of archaeological investigations could not be ignored. Similar situation is also with other sites in the neighborhood where archaeology also could fill the gaps of historical investigations restricted by the method itself. Our investigations so far by no means makes this possible but results are indicative enough so that with future investigations we may expect more reliable answers to the whole series of questions that seem rather interesting when these sites are concerned.
Кључне речи:
Zapadna Morava / nalazišta / grnčarija / čačanska kotlinaИзвор:
Glasnik Srpskog arheološkog društva, 2003, 20, 19, 223-247Издавач:
- Srpsko arheološko društvo, Beograd
Институција/група
Arheologija / ArchaeologyTY - JOUR AU - Radičević, Dejan PY - 2003 UR - http://reff.f.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/416 AB - Višegodišnja istraživanja na prostoru Čačanske kotline i njenom brdsko-planinskom obodu ukazala su na postojanje arheoloških ostataka iz X-XI stoleća. Istorijska proučavanja ovog razdoblja otežana su nedostatkom pisanih izvora i uglavnom se kreću u najopštijim okvirima, tako da konsultovanje arheoloških podataka, ma koliko oni za sada skromni bili, može biti od velikog značaja. Dosadašnja saznanja uglavnom su rezultat zaštitnih iskopavanja višeslojnih nalazišta, pa bi njihovo sagledavanje trebalo biti podsticajno i za buduće sistematičnije radove. AB - Many years of investigations in the region of Čačak valley and its mountainous hinterland revealed archaeological remains from the 10th-11th centuries. Historical studies of these period are hindered due to the lack of written sources and are mainly of general character, hence consulting of archaeological data although rather scarce could be of great importance. For the time being our knowledge is based on the results of rescue excavations of multilayered sites so their examination should stimulate future more systematic investigations. Čačak valley is situated in the southwestern part of central Serbia and includes fringes of Šumadija towards mountain regions of the Dinara range that begins with massifs of Jelica and Ovčar. Large and fertile valley covers an area of about 40 km along the Zapadna Morava river from the Ovčar-Kablar gorge in the northwest to the narrow zone near Kraljevo in the southeast. This valley is enclosed by the mountains and thus from geomorphologic point of view represents almost closed entity. In the west and southwest are mountains Ovčar and Kablar, towards the north are piedmont areas of Suvobor, Maljen and Rudnik, in the northeast are Vujan and Bukovik, while from the north it is outlined by mountain Jelica. The only open approach to the valley runs along the Zapadna Morava from the southeast and also to some extent it is easy to approach the valley across southern slopes of Rudnik and further along the river Dičina. Archaeological sites dating from the 10th-11th century are for the time being the earliest known confirmation of the medieval life in this area. Period from the 7th to the 9th century is still unascertained so we can not speak about finds earlier of the 10th century. Traces of living dating from the 10th-11th century were discovered on five sites (fig. 1). Distinct group includes Kulina in the village Rošci, Gradina on Jelica and Sokolića (Gradina) in Oštra. The sites are situated on prominent and difficult to approach promontories that dominate over wider surroundings and hence were very suitable for fortification and defense. In contrast to these sites finds from the yard of the church in Čačak dedicated to Ascension of Christ revealed remains of settlement established in the wide, open plain in the vicinity of the Zapadna Morava riverbank. For the time being only when this settlement is concerned we have confirmation for the existence of the corresponding necropolis at the near by site Terme. On the basis of pottery characteristics life duration at Kulina, Gradina on Jelica and Sokolića covers the period from first decades of the 10th century to the first decades of the 11th century and what seems interesting is to what extent could archaeological data be compared with historical studies of this period. When the territory of Čačak valley is concerned the main problem is delimitation of Serbia and Bulgaria in the 10th century, that is the question of eastern and northern borders of Serbia in that time. The Čačak valley most probably belongs to the border area. Zapadna Morava valley is the connection between two geographically entirely different environments. Towards the northeast are cultivated lands of Šumadija and Morava valley while in the southwest is the austere mountainous terrain of the upper course of Zapadna Morava including Dragačevo and portions of Golija, Javor and Zlatibor. Looking from the historical point of view it was the connection between the territory considered to be original area of the Serbian State with the territory that this state extended gradually over in the Middle Ages. Unsubstantial archaeological information that we have at our disposal definitely can not offer incontestable answer on this ambiguous question but some information seems interesting. Pottery from Kulina is identified as product of local Serbian pottery manufacture. At this site so far were not discovered finds that could be attributed to the characteristic Bulgarian material. As far as we are informed the similar situation is encountered at Gradina on Jelica. Find that could possibly indicate Bulgarian occupancy is amphoroid jug from Sokolića, which is situated at the opposite end of the Čačak valley. Unfortunately pottery finds from this site are so scarce that they do not allow more comprehensive study. Generally speaking termination of life at these sites could be related to restoration of Byzantine control in this region. The only exception is the settlement in the yard of the church dedicated to Ascension of Christ in Čačak. Although we still do not know when this settlement was established it seems probable that it happened in the entirely different historical circumstances. These circumstances made possible safe existence in the widely open and unprotected valley of Zapadna Morava in contrast to the earlier life in hardly accessible and most probably fortified settlements. According to the pottery finds it is supposed that this settlement existed in the 11th-12th century. From the same period also dates partially investigated necropolis at the site Terme. Question that seems interesting for investigation of medieval past of Čačak concerns location of Gradac that is mentioned in the charter from 1019 as settlement in the Belgrade bishopric. Some investigators are inclined to identify Gradac with modern Čačak or its closest vicinity. Settlement in the churchyard might have existed in the time when charters were written but this assumption should not be understood as final solution of the problem of Gradac location. Something that we consider essential is the fact that in this case the results of archaeological investigations could not be ignored. Similar situation is also with other sites in the neighborhood where archaeology also could fill the gaps of historical investigations restricted by the method itself. Our investigations so far by no means makes this possible but results are indicative enough so that with future investigations we may expect more reliable answers to the whole series of questions that seem rather interesting when these sites are concerned. PB - Srpsko arheološko društvo, Beograd T2 - Glasnik Srpskog arheološkog društva T1 - Arheološka nalazišta X-XI veka u Čačku i okolini T1 - Archaeological sites from 10th-11th century in Čačak and the surrounding EP - 247 IS - 19 SP - 223 VL - 20 UR - https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_reff_416 ER -
@article{ author = "Radičević, Dejan", year = "2003", abstract = "Višegodišnja istraživanja na prostoru Čačanske kotline i njenom brdsko-planinskom obodu ukazala su na postojanje arheoloških ostataka iz X-XI stoleća. Istorijska proučavanja ovog razdoblja otežana su nedostatkom pisanih izvora i uglavnom se kreću u najopštijim okvirima, tako da konsultovanje arheoloških podataka, ma koliko oni za sada skromni bili, može biti od velikog značaja. Dosadašnja saznanja uglavnom su rezultat zaštitnih iskopavanja višeslojnih nalazišta, pa bi njihovo sagledavanje trebalo biti podsticajno i za buduće sistematičnije radove., Many years of investigations in the region of Čačak valley and its mountainous hinterland revealed archaeological remains from the 10th-11th centuries. Historical studies of these period are hindered due to the lack of written sources and are mainly of general character, hence consulting of archaeological data although rather scarce could be of great importance. For the time being our knowledge is based on the results of rescue excavations of multilayered sites so their examination should stimulate future more systematic investigations. Čačak valley is situated in the southwestern part of central Serbia and includes fringes of Šumadija towards mountain regions of the Dinara range that begins with massifs of Jelica and Ovčar. Large and fertile valley covers an area of about 40 km along the Zapadna Morava river from the Ovčar-Kablar gorge in the northwest to the narrow zone near Kraljevo in the southeast. This valley is enclosed by the mountains and thus from geomorphologic point of view represents almost closed entity. In the west and southwest are mountains Ovčar and Kablar, towards the north are piedmont areas of Suvobor, Maljen and Rudnik, in the northeast are Vujan and Bukovik, while from the north it is outlined by mountain Jelica. The only open approach to the valley runs along the Zapadna Morava from the southeast and also to some extent it is easy to approach the valley across southern slopes of Rudnik and further along the river Dičina. Archaeological sites dating from the 10th-11th century are for the time being the earliest known confirmation of the medieval life in this area. Period from the 7th to the 9th century is still unascertained so we can not speak about finds earlier of the 10th century. Traces of living dating from the 10th-11th century were discovered on five sites (fig. 1). Distinct group includes Kulina in the village Rošci, Gradina on Jelica and Sokolića (Gradina) in Oštra. The sites are situated on prominent and difficult to approach promontories that dominate over wider surroundings and hence were very suitable for fortification and defense. In contrast to these sites finds from the yard of the church in Čačak dedicated to Ascension of Christ revealed remains of settlement established in the wide, open plain in the vicinity of the Zapadna Morava riverbank. For the time being only when this settlement is concerned we have confirmation for the existence of the corresponding necropolis at the near by site Terme. On the basis of pottery characteristics life duration at Kulina, Gradina on Jelica and Sokolića covers the period from first decades of the 10th century to the first decades of the 11th century and what seems interesting is to what extent could archaeological data be compared with historical studies of this period. When the territory of Čačak valley is concerned the main problem is delimitation of Serbia and Bulgaria in the 10th century, that is the question of eastern and northern borders of Serbia in that time. The Čačak valley most probably belongs to the border area. Zapadna Morava valley is the connection between two geographically entirely different environments. Towards the northeast are cultivated lands of Šumadija and Morava valley while in the southwest is the austere mountainous terrain of the upper course of Zapadna Morava including Dragačevo and portions of Golija, Javor and Zlatibor. Looking from the historical point of view it was the connection between the territory considered to be original area of the Serbian State with the territory that this state extended gradually over in the Middle Ages. Unsubstantial archaeological information that we have at our disposal definitely can not offer incontestable answer on this ambiguous question but some information seems interesting. Pottery from Kulina is identified as product of local Serbian pottery manufacture. At this site so far were not discovered finds that could be attributed to the characteristic Bulgarian material. As far as we are informed the similar situation is encountered at Gradina on Jelica. Find that could possibly indicate Bulgarian occupancy is amphoroid jug from Sokolića, which is situated at the opposite end of the Čačak valley. Unfortunately pottery finds from this site are so scarce that they do not allow more comprehensive study. Generally speaking termination of life at these sites could be related to restoration of Byzantine control in this region. The only exception is the settlement in the yard of the church dedicated to Ascension of Christ in Čačak. Although we still do not know when this settlement was established it seems probable that it happened in the entirely different historical circumstances. These circumstances made possible safe existence in the widely open and unprotected valley of Zapadna Morava in contrast to the earlier life in hardly accessible and most probably fortified settlements. According to the pottery finds it is supposed that this settlement existed in the 11th-12th century. From the same period also dates partially investigated necropolis at the site Terme. Question that seems interesting for investigation of medieval past of Čačak concerns location of Gradac that is mentioned in the charter from 1019 as settlement in the Belgrade bishopric. Some investigators are inclined to identify Gradac with modern Čačak or its closest vicinity. Settlement in the churchyard might have existed in the time when charters were written but this assumption should not be understood as final solution of the problem of Gradac location. Something that we consider essential is the fact that in this case the results of archaeological investigations could not be ignored. Similar situation is also with other sites in the neighborhood where archaeology also could fill the gaps of historical investigations restricted by the method itself. Our investigations so far by no means makes this possible but results are indicative enough so that with future investigations we may expect more reliable answers to the whole series of questions that seem rather interesting when these sites are concerned.", publisher = "Srpsko arheološko društvo, Beograd", journal = "Glasnik Srpskog arheološkog društva", title = "Arheološka nalazišta X-XI veka u Čačku i okolini, Archaeological sites from 10th-11th century in Čačak and the surrounding", pages = "247-223", number = "19", volume = "20", url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_reff_416" }
Radičević, D.. (2003). Arheološka nalazišta X-XI veka u Čačku i okolini. in Glasnik Srpskog arheološkog društva Srpsko arheološko društvo, Beograd., 20(19), 223-247. https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_reff_416
Radičević D. Arheološka nalazišta X-XI veka u Čačku i okolini. in Glasnik Srpskog arheološkog društva. 2003;20(19):223-247. https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_reff_416 .
Radičević, Dejan, "Arheološka nalazišta X-XI veka u Čačku i okolini" in Glasnik Srpskog arheološkog društva, 20, no. 19 (2003):223-247, https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_reff_416 .