Medieval iron mining of the Kopaonik region: the state of exploration and potential future research

Abstract

The development of ore mining and processing technology started in the mid-13th century, which led to the spread of mining centres in all parts of the Serbian medieval state. There is not much information regarding the production of iron ore in the written sources, however, the toponyms and different types of material remains indicate a certain level of production. The Kopaonik basin has a confirmed continuity of mining and metallurgy since prehistory and encompasses several mines. In addition to confirmed lead mining, iron mining was also developed. Geological and archaeological investigations have revealed traces of mining and metallurgical complexes in the vicinity of which iron ore and slag were deposited. These remains were mostly located alongside rivers. Furthermore, mining equipment and tools point to the existence of local workshops (smithies). In addition to summarizing the published results of the aforementioned archaeological and geological research regarding iron mining in the Kopaonik region, this paper will also present the spatial distribution of known medieval sites of different types (fortifications, settlements, cemeteries), in relation to iron ore deposits known in the Middle Ages.