Industrijski razvoj na Balkanu 1919-1929. godine

Abstract

U radu je predstavljen industrijski razvoj na Balkanu u periodu od 1919. do 1929. godine, sa fokusom na tekstilnu industriju Bugarske i Kraljevine Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca. Osnovni cilj istraživanja bio je analiziranje i predstavljanje industrijskog razvoja tekstilne industrije, a time i okvira i karakteristika ekonomskih institucija. Razvoj smo prikazili kroz ekonomske fenomene i pojave, koji ujedno predstavljaju i poglavlja, organizacionu strukturu, tehnološki razvoj, odnos države i tekstilne industrije, obim i vrstu kapitala u tekstilnoj industriji, tržište tekstilne indsutrije, radnu snagu i privredne elite. Cilj rada je bio da se utvrdi da li industrijski razvoj, koji je de facto postojao, karakterisao napredak i u kojoj meri? Analizi je pristupljeno na dva nivoa, kvantitativnom i kvalitativnom. Metodološki okvir istraživanja bio je uslovljen predmetom i ciljevima istraživanja. Pored klasičnog istoriografskog pristupa, istraživanju je pristupljeno i uz korišćenje komparativnih i kvantitavnih metoda. Disertacija je napisana na osnovu neobjavljene arhivske građe, statističkih publikacija, izveštaja, almanaha, periodike, štampe i literature. Poređenje je vršeno na dva nivoa iz perspektive suprotstavljenog konteksta, gde je ukazivano na sličnosti i razlike u industrijskom razvoju; i iz perspektive komparativne teorijske demonstracija, gde je poređenje vršeno sa postojećim ekonomskim teorijama. Na kraju zaključeno je da je razvoj tekstilne industrije postojao ali je bio ograničen. Ograničen usled balkanske realnosti, potpunog nedostatka razvijenih ekonomskih, socijalnih, društvenih i političkih institucija i normi, ali i nasleđenih tradicija iz 19. veka. Tekstilna industrija je po svim statističkim kriterijumam imala rast, ali taj rast nije bio dovoljno kvalitetan da bude održiv i da utiče dublje na pojedine strukture društva. Odgovarajući na postavljena pitanja koja su postavljana tokom istražavanja tekstilna industrije je bila autohtona u Bugarskoj i na prostoru Kraljevine Srbije i izvedena na prostoru Hrvatske i Slavonije; koncentrisana na količinu proizvodnje, a ne na kvalitet dobara; u doba inflatorne konjunkture imala je razvoj dok je pri stabilnoj konjunkturi karakterisao slabiji razvoj; uz čisto kvantitativne promene bez jasnih naznaka za strukturalnim promenama; razvijala se u okviru slabe poljoprivrede što nije omogućilo stvaranje jake sirovinske baze; i bila je motivisana primarno ekonomskim ciljevima. I na kraju važno pitanje jeste kontinuiteta razvoja industrije. Na prvi pogled u Kraljevini je postojao diskontinuitet usled stvaranja nove države, ali u obe države je u suštini postojao kontitinutet u razvoju. Kapital nije promenio vlasnika u novim državama, nasleđene tradicije iz 19. veka su se pokazale jače od novih privrednih okolnosti.

The aim of this work is to study industrial development in the Balkans during the period from 1919 to 1929, focusing on the textile industry of Bulgaria and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, with a comparative approach. The main objective of the research was to analyze and to present industrial development, and at the same time, frames and characteristics of the economic institutions. For the analysis we chose the following industrial indicators, which are ours chapters, : organizational structure, technological development, relationship of the state and textile industry, the capital in the textile industry, internal and external markets, labor and economic elite. Our aim was to determine whether industrial development, which de facto was in existence, was characterized by progress and to what extent? We had two approaches to the analysis, the first level was a quantitative one, while the second level is based on the analysis of qualitative structures. The methodological framework of the research was conditioned by the object and purpose of research. In addition to the classical historiographical approaches, research is accessed with the use of comparative and quantitative methods. The dissertation was written based on unpublished archival materials, statistical publications, reports, almanacs, periodicals, newspapers and literature. The comparison is done on two levels from the perspective of opposing contexts, where it was pointed out the similarities and differences in industrial development; and from the perspective of comparative theoretical demonstration, where the comparison was done with the existing economic theories. Finally, when we summarise the development of textile industry, it seems that there indeed was a development, but a limited one. It was constrained by the realities of the Balkans and a complete lack of developed institutions (economic, social and political), which originated in the 19th century. As an answer to the questions raised in the foreword, textile industry was autochthonous in Bulgaria and in the Kingdom of Serbia, while in Croatia and Slavonia it was derived from abroad; its focus was the quantity of the goods, not their quality; in the conditions of an inflator conjuncture it progressed, while during a stable conjuncture its progress was slower; purely quantitative changes without clear indications of structural changes; it developed in a framework with weak agriculture, which sabotaged the creation of a strong base of raw materials; it was motivated mostly by economic agendas. Ultimately, there is the important question regarding the continuity of industrial development. One would think that there was a discontinuity in the Kingdom due to the creation of a new state, but basically a continuous development did exist in both countries. Owners of the capital did not change in the new states, and the traditions inherited from the 19th century appear have been more influential than the actual economic circumstances.