Struktura i osobine "Aleksijade" Ane Komin: nastanak jedne lične istorije

Abstract

„Aleksijada“ Ane Komnin spada u najznačajnije narativne izvore komninske epohe. Kao najbogatiji izvor podataka za vladavinu cara Aleksija I Komnina, „Aleksijada“ je bila predmet istraživanja od poslednjih decenija 19. veka. U fokusu naučnog istraživanja su prvobitno bile teme vezane za političku, diplomatsku i vojnu istoriju Aleksijeve vladavine, a potom je pažnja usmerena i na problematiku unutarkomninskih odnosa, ali i na pitanje odnosa autorke prema svom tekstu. Cilj našeg rada jeste da istraži sve najznačajnije elemente istorije Ane Komnin, sa književno-istorijskog stanovišta, koji pružaju uvid u razumevanje političke pozadine i konačnog cilja dela. Istraživački postupak, koji je usmeren na tumačenje Aninog literarnog izraza, podrazumeva interdisciplinarnu analizu, odnosno istorijski, filološki i književni pristup. Istraživanje je usmereno na autora, temu, strukturu i na unutrašnje stilske i žanrovske osobenosti dela. Sledstveno tome, rad je strukturisan prema glavnim temama istraživanja. Analizom Anine „percepcije istorije“ postavili smo u fokus istraživanja problematiku žanra i pokušali da pružimo odgovor na to da li je „Aleksijada“ jedno istorijsko ili retorsko delo. Priča o Aleksijevim podvizima, koja predstavlja glavnu temu dela Ane Komnin je analizirana sa stanovišta Aninog literarnog izraza i njenog uklapanja „istorije“ u formu „vasilikos logosa“, pohvalne besede za cara. Pažnja je bila usmerena i na analizu Aninog predstavljanja ključnih ličnosti Aleksijeve vladavine i tumačenja Anine slike o njima, koja govori u prilog tezi o potpunoj političkoj pozadini „Aleksijade“. Veoma značajan problem je i pitanje Aninog „autobiografskog narativa“ koji je uklopljen u glavni narativ o Aleksijevim podvizima i omogućuje nam da pružimo odgovore na glavna pitanja o autorki, o njenom odnosu prema svom delu, kao i o ciljevima pisanja istorije Aleksijeve vladavine. Najvažniji zaključak disertacije – da je „Aleksijada“ lična istorija Ane Komnin – proishodi iz analize svih navedenih elemenata, a osobito glavnih tema, među kojima je najistaknutija tematika o porodici Duka. Dve velike tematske celine koje se bave problemom „Duka“ i „Komnina“ u „Aleksijadi“ i Aninim specifičnim odnosom prema pripadnicima roda njene majke i njenog oca, u celini potvrđuju da je reč o političkom manifestu Ane Komnin. Njene političke ambicije i njena percepcija carske ideologije i njenog naslednog prava u potpunosti prožimaju čitavu istoriju, čije je protagoniste Ana predstavljala u zavisnosti od ličnih afiniteta, odnosno ličnih sukoba koje je imala sa pojedincima svog carskog roda. „Aleksijada“ je potekla u uskom krugu oko carice Irine Duka. „Irinina ideja“ je prepoznatljiva u delu njene ćerke, koja je bila pripadnik izdvojenog ženskog kruga u okviru Komninskog ikosa. Međutim, daleko je jasnija Anina originalna ideja da je ona jedini legitimni naslednik svog oca, jer je preko povezanosti sa Konstantinom Dukom, nosiocem carskog nasleđa Duka, Ana isticala svoju „dvostruku legitimnost“, od dve carske grane – Duka i Komnina. Anino „izobličavanje“ likova i događaja je u potpunosti bilo uslovljeno njenom carskom ambicijom, zbog čega je krajnji zaključak da nije reč o istoriji Aleksijeve vladavine, već o ličnoj istoriji Ane Komnin, odnosno o njenom političkom manifestu, čiji je glavni ideološki osnov njeno „carsko pravo“, koje je smatrala da joj je nepravedno oduzeto. Ključne reči: Ana Komnin, „Aleksijada“, Duke, Komnini, Irina Duka, Aleksije Komnin, vasilikos logos, monodij, autobiografija, komninska književnost, carsko pravo, legitimitet.

Anne Komnene’s Alexiad is one of the most significant narrative sources of the Komnenian epoch. Being a source that provides us with the most abundant information about Alexios I and his reign, the Alexiad has been a subject of constant research since the last decades of the 19th century. At first, the main focus of scholarly research were subjects related to Alexios I’s political, diplomatic, and military history; while more recently, the emphasis of various works has been put on inner-Komnenian relations and on the question of the author’s relation to her text. The goal of my work is to examine the most important features of Anne Komnene’s historiographical masterpiece, from the aspects of both literary theory and history which offer insight needed in order to understand better the political background and the final goal of the Alexiad. The methods of examination, directed towards analysing Anne’s literary expression, feature an interdisciplinary analysis: a historical, philological and literary approach. The research focuses mainly on the author, the subject, the structure and inner stylistic features, as well as the genre itself. By so doing, I have structured my dissertation according to the main subjects of the research. By analyzing Anne’s “perception of history” I focused on the questions of genre and I tried to provide an answer whether the Alexiad is a work of historiography or rhetoric. The account of Alexios I’s deed, which represents the main theme of Anne Komene’s work, is analysed from the aspect of Anne’s literary expression and her blending of history into the form of basilikos logos, panegyric addressed to the emperors. I dedicated an important part of my research to analysing Anne’s portrayal of the leading men and women during Alexios I’s reign. Furthermore, I expounded Anne’s perception of these characters in order to further sustain the theory of the Alexiad’s political background. Another peculiar problem is the question of Anne’s autobiographical narrative, which is imbedded in the main narrative of Alexios I’s deeds, and by so doing I was able to provide the readership with answers considering the author herself, her relation to her work, as well as to clarify why Anne wrote a history of Alexios I’s reign. The most important conclusion of the dissertation – whether the Alexiad is Anne Komene’s personal history – is derived from analysing all the aforesaid elements, mostly the main themes of Anne’s history, among which the greatest deal of my attention was devoted to the Doukas family. Two great thematic entities that deal with the problem of Doukas and Komnenos families in the Alexiad and Anne’s specific relation with the members of both her mother’s and her father’s families, confirm that we are dealing with Anne Komnene’s political manifesto. Her political ambition, her perception of the imperial ideology, and her hereditary right permeate the entire history, whose protagonists Anne depicted in a manner that suited her own interests, it is all based on personal relations and conflicts she experienced with certain members of her royal family. The Alexiad was written within the narrow intellectual circle of the empress-dowager Irene Doukaina. Irene’s idea is recognised in her daughter’s work. Irene was a member of a self-isolated feminine circle in the Komnenian oikos. However, Anne’s own idea of herself being the legitimate heir of her father is by far the clearest: she was engaged to Constantine Doukas, the heir of the Doukas’ imperial heritage, and she emphasised her double legitimacy from the two royal branches – Doukas and Komnenos. Anne’s distortion of characters and events was entirely motivated by her imperial ambition, and therefore the final conclusion is that this is not a history of Alexios I’s reign, but a personal history of Anne Komnene, her political manifesto whose main ideological ground lies on her imperial legitimacy, which was unjustly taken from her grasp. Keywords: Anne Komnene, Alexiad, Doukas, Komnenoi, Irene Doukaina, Alexios I Komnenos, basilikos logos, monody, autobiography, Komnenian literature, imperial right, legitimacy.